Preferential survival of members of a species because characteristics that give them an enhanced ability and capacity to withstand the environment

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that performs multiple functions. Its most important function is to transfer chemical energy meant to be used for metabolic activities. It is produced during cellular respiration and is utilized by enzymes as well as during processes such as biosynthetic reactions and cell divisions.

Karl Lohmann discovered adenosine triphosphate in 1929 and its main function of being an energy-transfer molecule was suggested by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941.

The total weight of all living things in a given area, biotic community, species population, or habitat; a measure of total biotic productivity

The smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid

Cellular engineering is the science of manipulating the relationship between cell structure and cell function. Cellular engineering is fundamental to the development of tissue engineering wherein physio-chemical and biological factors play an important role for the replacement or development of biological functions. Cellular engineering aims to understand the interactions of cells with biomaterials so that one can better achieve cell synthesis with extracellular matrix. A course in cellular engineering includes subjects like cytomechanics, receptor/ligand binding, genetic engineering, enzyme kinetics, and metabolic pathway engineering.

In experimental embryology, the individual produced by grafting an embryonic part of one animal on to the embryo of another either of the same or of another species

The constitutional or inborn state disposing to a disease, group of diseases, or metabolic or structural anomaly

Defective Development

A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific locus on a chromosome and is capable of reproducing itself exactly at each cell division and directs the formation of an enzyme or other protein

Gene therapy involves the replacement of a disease-causing gene by a healthy gene. The gene is delivered to the target cell carried in a vector. Genetically altered viruses are used as vectors to carry the therapeutic genes. The target cell regains its normal state with the generation of a functional protein product. Gene therapy can be carried out on the somatic cells or the germline cells. A successful gene transplant requires that the gene be transplanted not only into the cell but also be made a part of the chromosome by means of genetic recombination. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are some of the diseases that can potentially be treated with gene therapy.